POR WILBERTH QUESADA
Al iniciar el curso lectivo de este aƱo, un total de 66 Ć³rdenes sanitarias pesaban sobre centros educativos pĆŗblicos en la regiĆ³n Chorotega. Se trataba de escuelas y colegios con necesidades que requerĆan mejoras en infraestructura educativa, desde la adaptaciĆ³n de la Ley 7600 (desarrollo integral de la poblaciĆ³n con discapacidad en iguales condiciones de calidad, oportunidad, derechos y deberes, que el resto de los habitantes) hasta la construcciĆ³n de nuevos centros educativos.
En enero, la viceministra administrativa del Ministerio de EducaciĆ³n PĆŗblica (MEP), SofĆa RamĆrez, informĆ³ que para la atenciĆ³n de estas necesidades se preveĆa en una inversiĆ³n de mĆ”s de Ā¢14.251 millones provenientes de emprĆ©stito de financiamiento con el Banco Centroamericano de IntegraciĆ³n EconĆ³mica (BCIE) y la ComisiĆ³n Nacional de Emergencias (CNE).
Entre las escuelas del cinturĆ³n costero prĆ³ximo a Tamarindo, con orden sanitaria, figuraba la Escuela de Brasilito, para la que, segĆŗn informaciĆ³n suministrada por el MEP, se dispusieron ā”1.248 millones; pero una decena mĆ”s de centros educativos de la costa santacruceƱa requerĆan de urgentes mejoras en su infraestructura, ya que su capacidad ha sido superada o bien las condiciones para impartir la enseƱanza son deficitarias. Como ejemplos claros de la zona, se encuentran la Escuela de Huacas y el Liceo de Villareal.
Garantizar una buena educaciĆ³n en esas condiciones es misiĆ³n imposible. AsĆ lo reiterĆ³ en agosto el Programa del Estado de NaciĆ³n (PEN) en elĀ IX Informe de Estado de la EducaciĆ³n. El informe seƱala que se debe priorizar y recuperar gradualmente y en plazo definidoĀ la ruta para alcanzar el 8% del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) para educaciĆ³n, asĆ como incrementar la eficiencia de programas de equidad e infraestructura educativa.
El paĆs atraviesa la peor crisis educativa de los Ćŗltimos 40 aƱos, como lo refiriĆ³ la coordinadora del informe, Isabel RomĆ”n Vega. “La crisis se ha profundizado en los dos Ćŗltimos aƱos en tĆ©rminos de recursos, de gestiĆ³n y de resultados del aprendizaje”, dijo.
Sin duda, la situaciĆ³n que en general observan los centros educativos pĆŗblicos en Tamarindo y sus alrededores son fieles testigos de ese deterioro, principalmente, en cuanto a la inversiĆ³n de infraestructura.
Impacto del COVIDā19
La pandemia del COVID-19 vino a atizar ese quebranto. AsĆ lo detallĆ³ la directora del Liceo de Villareal, Mitzy Salazar Morales, quien dijo que con la llegada del COVID-19 recibieron un comunicado de parte del MEP que indicaba que todos los centros educativos con proyectos de infraestructura registrados en la DirecciĆ³n de Infraestructura Educativa (DIE) quedarĆan en suspenso, ya que los recursos debĆan ser trasladados a la atenciĆ³n de esa emergencia sanitaria.
El director de la Escuela de Huacas, JosĆ© Manuel Arroyo GutiĆ©rrez, confirmĆ³ la afectaciĆ³n, y apuntĆ³ que en una reuniĆ³n con el entonces ministro del MEP, Steven GonzĆ”lez, les dijeron āse les quemĆ³ el pan en la puerta del horno, no se pueden girar los recursosā.
En el caso del Liceo de Villareal, acreditado con el bachillerato internacional, desde de 2015 tenĆa una solicitud de infraestructura acreditada ante el MEP para adaptar el centro educativo a las necesidades de dicho bachillerato. El proyecto, por ā”1.100 millones, incluĆa 14 cubĆculos con laboratorios equipados, un comedor estudiantil, una cancha multiuso techada, baterĆas de baƱos, planta de tratamiento para aguas negras, entre otras obras. Este desarrollo ademĆ”s se justificaba en el incremento de la matrĆcula; por ejemplo, entre 2017 y 2023, la matrĆcula ha aumento de 730 estudiantes a 915.
Lo mismo le sucediĆ³ a la Escuela de Huacas. Arroyo explicĆ³ que en 2018 iniciĆ³ un proceso de solicitud de obra ante la DIE por la necesidad de reubicar ese centro educativo, ya que no tenĆa espacio para crecer. Las autoridades del MEP le dieron el aval correspondiente, por lo que buscaron terrenos aptos en la zona e incluso se seleccionĆ³ uno, para lo que se asignĆ³ el presupuesto y se firmĆ³ una carta de aceptaciĆ³n de la oferta con la dueƱa del terreno. Sin embargo, la llegada de la Pandemia cortĆ³ el proceso.
A mĆ”s de tres aƱos de esas gestiones y ahora en post pandemia, lo cierto es que los proyectos no se continuaron, ni siquiera hay conversaciones para su reinicio. De hecho, en el caso de la Escuela de Huacas, la propietaria del terreno que se habĆa convenido decidiĆ³ venderlo ante la inacciĆ³n del MEP.
En el caso de Liceo de Villareal, la Junta de EducaciĆ³n y su Directora han tenido que ponerse manos a la obra por cuenta propia. Con bingos, gallinadas y otras actividades, han recaudado fondos con los que construyeron dos aulas y tomaron la mitad del anfiteatro para remodelarlo y hacer espacio para dos aulas mĆ”s.
Salazar destacĆ³ que recaudaron por esta vĆa mĆ”s de $7 mil para los estudios de suelo y otros preliminares, asĆ como emplearon (con autorizaciĆ³n del MEP) un giro que tenĆan por ā”20 millones para los estudios preliminares que se pagaron a un ingeniero.
Xiomara Rojas RuĆz, directora del Colegio TĆ©cnico Profesional 27 De Abril, afirmĆ³ que la DIE no estĆ” atendiendo necesidades de infraestructura. āLas escuelas y colegios que estĆ”n recibiendo es porque tenĆan en Caja Ćnica desde hace aƱos atrĆ”s; nosotros tenĆamos ā”20 millones que empleamos para resolver una emergencia elĆ©ctrica, pero ya se acabĆ³,ā sostuvo. Al igual que en Villareal y Huacas, en este centro educativo dependen de lo que pueden recaudar por su cuenta para hacer frente a remodelaciones, reparaciones y otros gastos.
De acuerdo con el MEP, este aƱo en Caja Ćnica para destinarse a centros educativos de Santa Cruz, habĆa un total de ā”1.045 millones, otros ā”578 millones del Fideicomiso y ā”1.844 del BCIE. Para el 2024, en ese cantĆ³n, estĆ”n presupuestados directamente del Ministerio para atender infraestructura ā”480 millones, asĆ como otros 180 millones de la DIE del Programa Adopte un Centro Educativo.
La buena noticia es que estĆ”n presupuestados ā”578,2 millones para el Colegio TĆ©cnico Profesional 27 De Abril, previstos para el Gimnasio y obras exteriores, y estado de la infraestructura pendiente de finalizaciĆ³n. La obra que se ejecutarĆa en el cuatro trimestre del 2024.
Las limitaciones no solo se registran a nivel de infraestructura. Las becas que reciben los estudiantes de primaria y secundaria de los centros educativos de la costa santacruceƱa tambiĆ©n han venido a menos, asĆ lo aseguran varios de los consultados por Tamarindo News.
Salazar de Villareal dijo que actualmente solo 173 estudiantes de ese centro educativo cuentan con beca Avancemos, cifra que ha venido disminuyendo en los Ćŗltimos aƱos. Ella explica el motivo: āNosotros entregĆ”bamos becas para el transporte de los estudiantes de bajos recursos, pero desde este aƱo eso se hace con SINERUBE, lo que ha hecho que el 80% de los estudiantes se queden sin beca, porque se trata en su mayorĆa de jĆ³venes extranjeros, por lo general sin documentos, por lo que no pueden completar el procesoā, advirtiĆ³.
El SINERUBE es una base de datos actualizada y de cobertura nacional con la informaciĆ³n de todas las personas que requieran servicios, asistencias, subsidios o auxilios econĆ³micos, por encontrarse en situaciones de pobreza o necesidad; operada por el IMAS.
El problema que esto ha producido es que el ausentismo ha aumentado. Hay casos donde los estudiantes van al colegio solo un par de dĆas, porque no cuentan con el dinero. Por ejemplo, en el caso del Liceo de Villareal, recibe estudiantes de Potrero, Pinilla, Brasilito y Playa Grande, entre otros. āAhorita tenemos 379 estudiantes becados de transporte, pero se ocupa el dobleā, apuntĆ³ Salazar.
Arroyo de Huacas y Rojas de 27 de Abril coincidieron con la directora de Villareal en el impacto que se ha observado sobre las becas, especialmente, las del Programa Avancemos, y sus efectos sobre el ausentismo. De igual modo reconocieron que los principales perjudicados son los estudiantes de nacionalidad extranjera, entre los que se cuentan nicaraguenses, colombianos y venezolanos.
Alivio municipal
Muchos centros educativos regionales seguramente no podrĆan sobrevivir su dĆa a dĆa si no es por los recursos que reciben de la Ley NĀ° 7552 “SubvenciĆ³n a las Juntas de EducaciĆ³n y Juntas Administrativas por las Municipalidades”. Las de la costa de Santa Cruz no son la excepciĆ³n.
Salazar lo retrata con claridad: āSi no tuviĆ©ramos esos recursos de la Municipalidad, no tendrĆamos ni papel higiĆ©nico para los estudiantesā. En el caso de Villareal reciben ā”26,7 millones anuales de esa fuente de recursos. Por su parte, Rojas de 27 De Abril seƱalĆ³ que con esos dineros pagan los servicios pĆŗblicos que rondan los ā”3 millones por mes.
Respecto al PIB, el presupuesto asignado para educaciĆ³n en 2023 ha sido el mĆ”s bajo de los Ćŗltimos nueve aƱos. Eso impacta fuertemente en las polĆticas que buscan la permanencia de poblaciones vulnerables en el sistema educativo, por ejemplo, mediante incentivos como becas, transporte o el servicio de comedor, advierte el Informe del Estado de la EducaciĆ³n.
El Liceo de Villareal, el CTP de 27 De Abril y la Escuela de Huacas son testigos fieles de ello. Estos centros educativos y muchos mĆ”s como ellos, particularmente los regionales, esperan como dijo Arroyo, āde un Ć”ngel en el camino que mueva las cosas por el bien de la poblaciĆ³n estudiantilā.
Education on the coast, between unfulfilled promises and its own effort
At the beginning of this year’s school year, a total of 66 sanitary orders weighed on public educational centers in the Chorotega region. These were schools and colleges with needs that required improvements in educational infrastructure, from the adaptation of Law 7600 (integral development of the population with disabilities in equal conditions of quality, opportunity, rights and duties as the rest of the inhabitants) to the construction of new educational centers.
In January, the administrative vice-minister of the Ministry of Public Education (MEP), SofĆa RamĆrez, informed that an investment of more than Ā¢14,251 million from the Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI) and the National Emergency Commission (CNE) was foreseen to meet these needs.
Among the schools in the coastal belt near Tamarindo, with a sanitary order, was the Brasilito School, for which, according to information provided by the MEP, ā”1,248 million were made available; but a dozen more educational centers on the Santa Cruz coast required urgent improvements in their infrastructure, since their capacity has been exceeded or the conditions for teaching are deficient. Clear examples in the area are the Huacas School and the Villareal High School.
Guaranteeing a good education under these conditions is mission impossible. This was reiterated in August by the State of the Nation Program (PEN) in the IX State of Education Report. The report states that the route to reach 8% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for education must be prioritized and recovered gradually and within a defined period of time, as well as to increase the efficiency of equity programs and educational infrastructure.
The country is going through the worst educational crisis in the last 40 years, as stated by the report’s coordinator, Isabel RomĆ”n Vega. “The crisis has deepened in the last two years in terms of resources, management and learning results,” she said.
Undoubtedly, the general situation of public schools in Tamarindo and its surroundings are faithful witnesses of this deterioration, mainly in terms of infrastructure investment.
Impact of COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic came to exacerbate this damage. This was detailed by the director of the Villareal High School, Mitzy Salazar Morales, who said that with the arrival of COVID-19 they received a communication from the MEP indicating that all schools with infrastructure projects registered in the Directorate of Educational Infrastructure (DIE) would be suspended, since the resources should be transferred to the attention of this health emergency.
The director of the Huacas School, JosĆ© Manuel Arroyo GutiĆ©rrez, confirmed the effect, and pointed out that in a meeting with the then minister of the MEP, Steven GonzĆ”lez, they were told “the bread was burnt at the oven door, the resources cannot be transferred”.
In the case of the Liceo de Villareal, accredited with the international baccalaureate, since 2015 had an application for infrastructure accredited before the MEP to adapt the educational center to the needs of that baccalaureate. The project, for ā”1,100 million, included 14 cubicles with equipped laboratories, a student dining room, a roofed multipurpose court, batteries of bathrooms, sewage treatment plant, among other works. This development was further justified by the increase in enrollment; for example, between 2017 and 2023, enrollment has increased from 730 students to 915.
The same happened to the Huacas School. Arroyo explained that in 2018 he initiated a process of requesting work before the DIE due to the need to relocate that educational center, since it had no space to grow. The MEP authorities gave the corresponding endorsement, so they looked for suitable land in the area and even selected one, for which the budget was allocated and a letter of acceptance of the offer was signed with the owner of the land. However, the arrival of the Pandemic interrupted the process.
More than three years after those efforts and now in post pandemic, the truth is that the projects were not continued, there are not even conversations for their restart. In fact, in the case of the Huacas School, the owner of the land that had been agreed upon decided to sell it due to the MEP’s inaction.
In the case of Liceo de Villareal, the Board of Education and its Director have had to get to work on their own. With bingos, hen parties and other activities, they have raised funds with which they built two classrooms and took half of the amphitheater to remodel it and make room for two more classrooms.
Salazar highlighted that they raised more than $7 thousand for soil studies and other preliminary studies, as well as used (with authorization from the MEP) a draft they had for ā”20 million for preliminary studies that were paid to an engineer.
Xiomara Rojas RuĆz, director of the Colegio TĆ©cnico Profesional 27 De Abril, stated that the DIE is not meeting infrastructure needs. “The schools and colleges that are receiving is because they had in Caja Ćnica for years ago; we had ā”20 million that we used to solve an electrical emergency, but it is over,” she maintained. As in Villareal and Huacas, in this educational center they depend on what they can raise on their own to face remodeling, repairs and other expenses.
According to the MEP, this year in Caja Ćnica to be allocated to educational centers in Santa Cruz, there was a total of ā”1,045 million, another ā”578 million from the Trust and ā”1,844 from CABEI. For 2024, in that canton, ā”480 million is budgeted directly from the Ministry to address infrastructure, as well as another ā”180 million from the DIE of the Adopt an Educational Center Program.
The good news is that ā”578.2 million is budgeted for the Colegio TĆ©cnico Profesional 27 De Abril, planned for the Gymnasium and exterior works, and state of the infrastructure pending completion. The work to be executed in the fourth quarter of 2024.
The limitations are not only registered at the infrastructure level. The scholarships received by primary and secondary students of the educational centers of the Santa Cruz coast have also been decreasing, according to several of those consulted by Tamarindo News.
Salazar de Villareal said that currently only 173 students of that educational center have Avancemos scholarships, a number that has been decreasing in recent years. She explains the reason: “We used to give scholarships for the transportation of low-income students, but since this year that is done with SINERUBE, which has meant that 80% of the students are left without scholarships, because they are mostly foreign students, usually without documents, so they cannot complete the process,” she said.
The SINERUBE is an updated database of national coverage with the information of all the people who require services, assistance, subsidies or economic aid, because they are in situations of poverty or need; operated by the IMAS.
The problem that this has produced is that absenteeism has increased. There are cases where students only go to school for a couple of days because they do not have the money. For example, in the case of the Villareal High School, it receives students from Potrero, Pinilla, Brasilito and Playa Grande, among others. “Right now, we have 379 students with transportation scholarships, but twice as many are needed,” said Salazar.
Arroyo de Huacas and Rojas de 27 de Abril agreed with Villareal’s director on the impact observed on scholarships, especially those of the Avancemos Program, and its effects on absenteeism. They also recognized that the main victims are foreign students, including Nicaraguans, Colombians and Venezuelans.
Municipal relief
Many regional educational centers would surely not be able to survive their day to day if it were not for the resources they receive from Law No. 7552 “Subsidy to the Education Boards and Administrative Boards by the Municipalities”. Those on the coast of Santa Cruz are no exception.
Salazar portrays it clearly: “If we did not have these resources from the Municipality, we would not even have toilet paper for the students”. In the case of Villareal, they receive ā”26.7 million annually from that source of resources. For his part, Rojas of 27 De Abril pointed out that with those monies they pay for public services that are around ā”3 million per month.
With respect to GDP, the budget allocated for education in 2023 has been the lowest in the last nine years. This has a strong impact on policies that seek the permanence of vulnerable populations in the education system, for example, through incentives such as scholarships, transportation or canteen service, warns the State of Education Report.
The Liceo de Villareal, the CTP of 27 De Abril and the Huacas School are faithful witnesses of this. These educational centers and many more like them, particularly the regional ones, are waiting, as Arroyo said, “for an angel on the road to move things for the good of the student population.”